```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>异常处理的艺术 - 构建稳健的应用程序</title>
    <link href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/font-awesome/6.4.0/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/tailwindcss/2.2.19/tailwind.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif+SC:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Noto+Sans+SC:wght@300;400;500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid@latest/dist/mermaid.min.js"></script>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: 'Noto Sans SC', Tahoma, Arial, Roboto, "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans Fallback", "Heiti SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", Simsun, sans-serif;
            color: #333;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .hero {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6e8efb 0%, #a777e3 100%);
        }
        .drop-cap::first-letter {
            float: left;
            font-size: 4.5rem;
            line-height: 0.9;
            margin-right: 1rem;
            font-weight: bold;
            color: #6e8efb;
        }
        .card-hover:hover {
            transform: translateY(-5px);
            box-shadow: 0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
        }
        .section-divider {
            border: none;
            height: 1px;
            background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), rgba(110, 142, 251, 0.75), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
        }
        .code-block {
            background: #2d3748;
            border-left: 4px solid #6e8efb;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body class="bg-gray-50">
    <!-- Hero Section -->
    <section class="hero text-white py-20 px-4 md:px-0">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row items-center">
                <div class="md:w-1/2 mb-10 md:mb-0">
                    <h1 class="text-4xl md:text-5xl font-bold leading-tight mb-4">异常处理的艺术</h1>
                    <p class="text-xl md:text-2xl opacity-90 mb-6">构建稳健应用程序的关键实践</p>
                    <div class="flex space-x-4">
                        <div class="bg-white bg-opacity-20 px-4 py-2 rounded-full">
                            <i class="fas fa-shield-alt mr-2"></i> 系统稳定性
                        </div>
                        <div class="bg-white bg-opacity-20 px-4 py-2 rounded-full">
                            <i class="fas fa-user-shield mr-2"></i> 用户体验
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="md:w-1/2 flex justify-center">
                    <div class="w-full max-w-md">
                        <div class="mermaid">
                            graph TD
                                A[异常发生] --> B{是否可以恢复?}
                                B -->|是| C[尝试恢复]
                                B -->|否| D[优雅降级]
                                C --> E[记录日志]
                                D --> E
                                E --> F[用户反馈]
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <!-- Introduction -->
    <section class="py-16 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <p class="drop-cap text-lg md:text-xl text-gray-700 mb-8">
                在软件开发中，异常处理是确保应用程序稳定性和用户体验的重要环节。优秀的异常处理不仅涉及如何捕获和记录错误，还包括如何优雅地处理错误并提供有用的反馈。正确的异常处理策略可以显著提升应用程序的健壮性和用户满意度。
            </p>
            <div class="flex flex-wrap -mx-4 mb-12">
                <div class="w-full md:w-1/3 px-4 mb-6 md:mb-0">
                    <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md card-hover transition-all duration-300 h-full">
                        <div class="text-blue-500 text-3xl mb-4"><i class="fas fa-exclamation-triangle"></i></div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3">预防崩溃</h3>
                        <p class="text-gray-600">通过妥善处理异常，避免应用程序意外崩溃，保障服务连续性。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="w-full md:w-1/3 px-4 mb-6 md:mb-0">
                    <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md card-hover transition-all duration-300 h-full">
                        <div class="text-blue-500 text-3xl mb-4"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3">快速诊断</h3>
                        <p class="text-gray-600">详尽的日志记录帮助开发人员快速定位问题根源，缩短故障恢复时间。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="w-full md:w-1/3 px-4">
                    <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md card-hover transition-all duration-300 h-full">
                        <div class="text-blue-500 text-3xl mb-4"><i class="fas fa-users"></i></div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3">用户体验</h3>
                        <p class="text-gray-600">友好的错误提示和恢复选项提升用户满意度，减少挫败感。</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <hr class="section-divider my-8">

    <!-- 异常分类 -->
    <section class="py-16 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-2 text-gray-800 flex items-center">
                <span class="bg-blue-500 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">1</span>
                异常的分类
            </h2>
            <p class="text-gray-600 mb-10">了解不同类型的异常有助于采取针对性的处理策略</p>

            <div class="flex flex-wrap -mx-4">
                <!-- 系统级异常 -->
                <div class="w-full md:w-1/2 px-4 mb-8">
                    <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md h-full">
                        <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                            <div class="bg-red-100 p-2 rounded-full mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-server text-red-500"></i>
                            </div>
                            <h3 class="text-xl font-bold text-gray-800">系统级异常</h3>
                        </div>
                        <ul class="space-y-3">
                            <li class="flex items-start">
                                <div class="text-blue-500 mr-2 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-microchip"></i></div>
                                <div>
                                    <strong>硬件故障：</strong> 如磁盘故障、网络断开等，这类异常通常无法由应用程序直接处理
                                </div>
                            </li>
                            <li class="flex items-start">
                                <div class="text-blue-500 mr-2 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-memory"></i></div>
                                <div>
                                    <strong>环境问题：</strong> 如内存不足、资源限制等，这类异常通常需要优化系统资源配置
                                </div>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- 应用级异常 -->
                <div class="w-full md:w-1/2 px-4 mb-8">
                    <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md h-full">
                        <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                            <div class="bg-purple-100 p-2 rounded-full mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-code text-purple-500"></i>
                            </div>
                            <h3 class="text-xl font-bold text-gray-800">应用级异常</h3>
                        </div>
                        <ul class="space-y-3">
                            <li class="flex items-start">
                                <div class="text-blue-500 mr-2 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-sitemap"></i></div>
                                <div>
                                    <strong>业务逻辑错误：</strong> 例如无效的输入数据或业务规则冲突
                                </div>
                            </li>
                            <li class="flex items-start">
                                <div class="text-blue-500 mr-2 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-database"></i></div>
                                <div>
                                    <strong>数据访问异常：</strong> 如数据库连接失败、查询超时、数据不一致等
                                </div>
                            </li>
                            <li class="flex items-start">
                                <div class="text-blue-500 mr-2 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-network-wired"></i></div>
                                <div>
                                    <strong>网络异常：</strong> 如连接超时、服务不可用等
                                </div>
                            </li>
                            <li class="flex items-start">
                                <div class="text-blue-500 mr-2 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-keyboard"></i></div>
                                <div>
                                    <strong>用户输入异常：</strong> 如格式不正确的输入、非法操作等
                                </div>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <hr class="section-divider my-8">

    <!-- 异常处理策略 -->
    <section class="py-16 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-2 text-gray-800 flex items-center">
                <span class="bg-blue-500 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">2</span>
                异常处理策略
            </h2>
            <p class="text-gray-600 mb-10">有效的异常处理需要综合考虑多种策略</p>

            <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8">
                <!-- 策略1 -->
                <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md overflow-hidden">
                    <div class="bg-blue-500 p-4 text-white">
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold flex items-center">
                            <i class="fas fa-bug mr-2"></i>
                            捕获与处理
                        </h3>
                    </div>
                    <div class="p-6">
                        <ul class="space-y-4">
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-blue-600">捕获：</strong> 在代码中适当地捕获可能发生的异常，确保系统的稳定性。例如，使用<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded">try-catch</code>块捕获可能的异常。
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-blue-600">处理：</strong> 针对捕获到的异常，采取适当的处理措施，例如重试操作、回滚事务、提供用户友好的错误信息等。
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- 策略2 -->
                <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md overflow-hidden">
                    <div class="bg-green-500 p-4 text-white">
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold flex items-center">
                            <i class="fas fa-book mr-2"></i>
                            日志记录
                        </h3>
                    </div>
                    <div class="p-6">
                        <ul class="space-y-4">
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-green-600">详细记录：</strong> 记录异常的详细信息，包括异常类型、堆栈跟踪、发生时间、上下文信息等，以便于问题排查和分析。
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-green-600">日志级别：</strong> 根据异常的严重程度选择合适的日志级别，如<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded">ERROR</code>、<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded">WARN</code>、<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded">INFO</code>等。
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- 策略3 -->
                <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md overflow-hidden">
                    <div class="bg-purple-500 p-4 text-white">
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold flex items-center">
                            <i class="fas fa-comment-alt mr-2"></i>
                            用户反馈
                        </h3>
                    </div>
                    <div class="p-6">
                        <ul class="space-y-4">
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-purple-600">友好的提示：</strong> 提供用户友好的错误信息，避免显示内部错误细节，确保用户能够理解问题并进行适当操作。
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-purple-600">恢复操作：</strong> 提供用户恢复操作的选项，例如重新提交表单、重试操作等。
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- 策略4 -->
                <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md overflow-hidden">
                    <div class="bg-yellow-500 p-4 text-white">
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-bold flex items-center">
                            <i class="fas fa-globe mr-2"></i>
                            全局异常处理
                        </h3>
                    </div>
                    <div class="p-6">
                        <ul class="space-y-4">
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-yellow-600">全局异常处理器：</strong> 使用框架提供的全局异常处理机制集中处理所有未处理的异常，统一返回错误响应。
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <strong class="text-yellow-600">自定义异常：</strong> 定义应用程序特定的异常类，以便于更细粒度地处理不同类型的业务异常。
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <hr class="section-divider my-8">

    <!-- 实现方法 -->
    <section class="py-16 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-2 text-gray-800 flex items-center">
                <span class="bg-blue-500 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">3</span>
                实现方法
            </h2>
            <p class="text-gray-600 mb-10">在不同技术栈中的具体实现示例</p>

            <div class="mb-12">
                <h3 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-4 text-gray-700 flex items-center">
                    <i class="fas fa-coffee text-yellow-600 mr-3"></i>
                    Java中的异常处理
                </h3>
                
                <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8 mb-8">
                    <div>
                        <h4 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 text-blue-600">使用try-catch块</h4>
                        <div class="code-block rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
                            <pre class="text-gray-200 p-4"><code>try {
    // 可能抛出异常的代码
} catch (Exception e) {
    // 异常处理逻辑
    logger.error("An error occurred", e);
}</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h4 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 text-blue-600">自定义异常</h4>
                        <div class="code-block rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
                            <pre class="text-gray-200 p-4"><code>public class CustomException extends RuntimeException {
    public CustomException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <h4 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 text-blue-600">全局异常处理</h4>
                <div class="code-block rounded-lg overflow-hidden mb-8">
                    <pre class="text-gray-200 p-4"><code>@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(CustomException.class)
    public ResponseEntity&lt;String&gt; handleCustomException(CustomException ex) {
        return new ResponseEntity&lt;&gt;(ex.getMessage(), HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity&lt;String&gt; handleException(Exception ex) {
        return new ResponseEntity&lt;&gt;("Internal Server Error", 
            HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }
}</code></pre>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div>
                <h3 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-4 text-gray-700 flex items-center">
                    <i class="fas fa-leaf text-green-600 mr-3"></i>
                    Spring Boot中的异常处理
                </h3>
                
                <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8">
                    <div>
                        <h4 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 text-green-600">自定义错误页面</h4>
                        <div class="code-block rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
                            <pre class="text-gray-200 p-4"><code># application.properties
server.error.whitelabel.enabled=false</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h4 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 text-green-600">使用@ControllerAdvice处理异常</h4>
                        <div class="code-block rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
                            <pre class="text-gray-200 p-4"><code>@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ModelAndView handleException(Exception e) {
        ModelAndView modelAndView = new ModelAndView();
        modelAndView.setViewName("error");
        modelAndView.addObject("message", e.getMessage());
        return modelAndView;
    }
}</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <hr class="section-divider my-8">

    <!-- 最佳实践 -->
    <section class="py-16 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-2 text-gray-800 flex items-center">
                <span class="bg-blue-500 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">4</span>
                最佳实践
            </h2>
            <p class="text-gray-600 mb-10">遵循这些实践可以显著提升异常处理的质量</p>

            <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-6">
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md border-l-4 border-blue-500">
                    <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3 text-gray-800">避免吞掉异常</h3>
                    <p class="text-gray-600">捕获异常时，不要简单地忽略异常而不做任何处理。至少记录异常信息，以便后续分析。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md border-l-4 border-green-500">
                    <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3 text-gray-800">精确捕获</h3>
                    <p class="text-gray-600">尽量捕获具体的异常类型，避免使用通用的Exception类，这样可以更精确地处理不同类型的异常。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md border-l-4 border-purple-500">
                    <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3 text-gray-800">事务管理</h3>
                    <p class="text-gray-600">在处理异常时，要注意事务的一致性和完整性，确保在发生异常时能够正确回滚事务。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md border-l-4 border-yellow-500">
                    <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3 text-gray-800">用户友好的提示</h3>
                    <p class="text-gray-600">将技术性错误信息转化为用户友好的提示，避免给用户带来困惑。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md border-l-4 border-red-500">
                    <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3 text-gray-800">异常监控</h3>
                    <p class="text-gray-600">集成异常监控工具实时监控异常并进行告警，帮助及时响应和处理系统问题。</p>
                </div>
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md border-l-4 border-indigo-500">
                    <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-3 text-gray-800">定期审查</h3>
                    <p class="text-gray-600">定期审查异常处理代码，确保其有效性和健壮性，优化异常处理代码的性能。</p>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <!-- 可视化总结 -->
    <section class="py-16 px-4 bg-gray-50">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <div class="bg-white p-8 rounded-xl shadow-lg">
                <h2 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-6 text-center text-gray-800">异常处理关键路径</h2>
                <div class="mermaid">
                    graph LR
                        A[异常发生] --> B{是否可恢复?}
                        B -->|是| C[尝试恢复]
                        B -->|否| D[优雅降级]
                        C --> E[记录详细日志]
                        D --> E
                        E --> F[提供用户反馈]
                        F --> G{用户操作}
                        G -->|重试| H[重新执行操作]
                        G -->|取消| I[返回安全状态]
                        H --> J[监控结果]
                        I --> J
                        J --> K[持续改进]
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <script>
        mermaid.initialize({
            startOnLoad: true,
            theme: 'default',
            flowchart: {
                useMaxWidth: true,
                htmlLabels: true,
                curve: 'basis'
            }
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>
```